Science:
Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle), "science" refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained (see history and philosophy below). Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern era the words "science" and "philosophy" were sometimes used interchangeably in the english language. By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a separate branch of philosophy. However, "science" continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science.
In modern use, "science" more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is "often treated as synonymous with 'natural and physical science', and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use." This narrower sense of "science" developed as scientists such as johannas Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton began formulating laws of nature such as Newton's law of motion. In this period it became more common to refer to natural philosophy as "natural science". Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with scientific method, a disciplined way to study the natural world, including physics, Chemistry, goelogy and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the term scientist was created by the naturalist-theologian Willian Whewell to distinguish those who sought knowledge on nature from those who sought knowledge on other disciplines. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834. This sometimes left the study of human thought and society in a linguistic limbo, which was resolved by classifying these areas of academic study as social science. Similarly, several other major areas of disciplined study and knowledge exist today under the general rubric of "science", such as formal science and applied science.
Part of a series on
Science:
1.Formal sciences:
-Mathematics
-Mathematical logic
-Mathematical statistics
-Computer science
2.Physical sciences:
*Physics:
-Classical physics
-Modern physics
-Applied physics
-Computational physics
-Atomic physics
-Nuclear physics
-Particle physics
-Experimental physics
-Theoretical physics
-Condensed matter physics
-Mechanics
-Classical mechanics
-Quantum mechanics (introduction)
-Continuum mechanics
-Rheology
-Solid mechanics
-Fluid mechanics
-Plasma physics
-Thermodynamics
-General relativity
-Special relativity
-String theory
-M-theory
-Tachyonic field
*Chemistry:
-Acid-base reaction theories
-Alchemy
-Analytical chemistry
-Astrochemistry
-Biochemistry
-Crystallography
-Environmental chemistry
-Food chemistry
-Geochemistry
-Green chemistry
-Inorganic chemistry
-Materials science
-Molecular physics Nuclear chemistry
-Organic chemistry
-Photochemistry
-Physical chemistry
-Radiochemistry
-Solid-state chemistry Stereochemistry
-Supramolecular chemistry
-Surface science
-Theoretical chemistry
*Astronomy:
-Astrophysics
-Cosmology
-Galactic astronomy
-Planetary geology
-Planetary science
-Stellar astronomy
*Earth Sciences:
-Meteorology
-Climatology
-Ecology
-Environmental Science
-Geodesy
-Geology
-Geomorphology
-Geophysics
-Glaciology
-Limnology Oceanography
-Minerology
-Paleoclimatology
-Palynology
-Physical Geography
-Pedology
-Edaphology
-Space Sence
3.Life sciences:
*Biology:
-Anatomy
-Astrobiology
-Biochemistry
-Biogeography
-Biological engineering
-Biophysics
-Behavioral neuroscience Biotechnology
-Botany
-Cell biology
-Conservation biology
-Cryobiology Developmental biology
-Ecology
-Ethnobiology Ethology
-Evolutionary biology
-Genetics
-Gerontology
-Immunology
-Limnology
-Marine biology Microbiology
-Molecular biology
-Neuroscience
-Paleontology
-Parasitology
-Physiology
-Radiobiology
-Soil biology Systematics
-Toxicology
-Zoology
4.Social and behavioural sciences:
-Anthropology
-Archaeology
-Criminology
-Demography
-Economics
-Education
-History
-Human geography
-International relations Law
-Linguistics
-Political science
-Psychology
-Sociology
5.Applied sciences:
*Engineering:
Aerospace
Agricultural
Biomedical
Chemical
Civil
Computer
Electrical
Fire protection
Genetic
Industrial
Mechanical
Military
Mining
Nuclear
Operations research
Robotics
Software
*Healthcare sciences
Biological engineering
Dentistry
Epidemiology
Health care
Medicine
Nursing
Pharmacy
Social work
Veterinary medicine
6.Interdisciplinarity:
-Applied physics
-Artificial intelligence
-Bioethics
-Bioinformatics
-Biomedical engineering
-Biostatistics
-Cognitive science
-Computational linguistics
-Cultural studies
-Cybernetics
-Environmental science
-Environmental social science
-Environmental studies
-Ethnic studies
-Evolutionary psychology
-Forestry
-Health
-Library science
-Logic Mathematical and theoretical biology
-Mathematical physics
-Scientific modelling
-Neural engineering
-Neuroscience Science studies
-Science,
-technology and society
-Semiotics Sociobiology
-Systems science
-Transdisciplinarity
-Urban planning
7.Philosophy and history of science:
-History of science
-Philosophy of science
-Science policy
-Scientific method
-Fringe science
-Pudoscience
In modern use, "science" more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is "often treated as synonymous with 'natural and physical science', and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use." This narrower sense of "science" developed as scientists such as johannas Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton began formulating laws of nature such as Newton's law of motion. In this period it became more common to refer to natural philosophy as "natural science". Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with scientific method, a disciplined way to study the natural world, including physics, Chemistry, goelogy and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the term scientist was created by the naturalist-theologian Willian Whewell to distinguish those who sought knowledge on nature from those who sought knowledge on other disciplines. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834. This sometimes left the study of human thought and society in a linguistic limbo, which was resolved by classifying these areas of academic study as social science. Similarly, several other major areas of disciplined study and knowledge exist today under the general rubric of "science", such as formal science and applied science.
Part of a series on
Science:
1.Formal sciences:
-Mathematics
-Mathematical logic
-Mathematical statistics
-Computer science
2.Physical sciences:
*Physics:
-Classical physics
-Modern physics
-Applied physics
-Computational physics
-Atomic physics
-Nuclear physics
-Particle physics
-Experimental physics
-Theoretical physics
-Condensed matter physics
-Mechanics
-Classical mechanics
-Quantum mechanics (introduction)
-Continuum mechanics
-Rheology
-Solid mechanics
-Fluid mechanics
-Plasma physics
-Thermodynamics
-General relativity
-Special relativity
-String theory
-M-theory
-Tachyonic field
*Chemistry:
-Acid-base reaction theories
-Alchemy
-Analytical chemistry
-Astrochemistry
-Biochemistry
-Crystallography
-Environmental chemistry
-Food chemistry
-Geochemistry
-Green chemistry
-Inorganic chemistry
-Materials science
-Molecular physics Nuclear chemistry
-Organic chemistry
-Photochemistry
-Physical chemistry
-Radiochemistry
-Solid-state chemistry Stereochemistry
-Supramolecular chemistry
-Surface science
-Theoretical chemistry
*Astronomy:
-Astrophysics
-Cosmology
-Galactic astronomy
-Planetary geology
-Planetary science
-Stellar astronomy
*Earth Sciences:
-Meteorology
-Climatology
-Ecology
-Environmental Science
-Geodesy
-Geology
-Geomorphology
-Geophysics
-Glaciology
-Limnology Oceanography
-Minerology
-Paleoclimatology
-Palynology
-Physical Geography
-Pedology
-Edaphology
-Space Sence
3.Life sciences:
*Biology:
-Anatomy
-Astrobiology
-Biochemistry
-Biogeography
-Biological engineering
-Biophysics
-Behavioral neuroscience Biotechnology
-Botany
-Cell biology
-Conservation biology
-Cryobiology Developmental biology
-Ecology
-Ethnobiology Ethology
-Evolutionary biology
-Genetics
-Gerontology
-Immunology
-Limnology
-Marine biology Microbiology
-Molecular biology
-Neuroscience
-Paleontology
-Parasitology
-Physiology
-Radiobiology
-Soil biology Systematics
-Toxicology
-Zoology
4.Social and behavioural sciences:
-Anthropology
-Archaeology
-Criminology
-Demography
-Economics
-Education
-History
-Human geography
-International relations Law
-Linguistics
-Political science
-Psychology
-Sociology
5.Applied sciences:
*Engineering:
Aerospace
Agricultural
Biomedical
Chemical
Civil
Computer
Electrical
Fire protection
Genetic
Industrial
Mechanical
Military
Mining
Nuclear
Operations research
Robotics
Software
*Healthcare sciences
Biological engineering
Dentistry
Epidemiology
Health care
Medicine
Nursing
Pharmacy
Social work
Veterinary medicine
6.Interdisciplinarity:
-Applied physics
-Artificial intelligence
-Bioethics
-Bioinformatics
-Biomedical engineering
-Biostatistics
-Cognitive science
-Computational linguistics
-Cultural studies
-Cybernetics
-Environmental science
-Environmental social science
-Environmental studies
-Ethnic studies
-Evolutionary psychology
-Forestry
-Health
-Library science
-Logic Mathematical and theoretical biology
-Mathematical physics
-Scientific modelling
-Neural engineering
-Neuroscience Science studies
-Science,
-technology and society
-Semiotics Sociobiology
-Systems science
-Transdisciplinarity
-Urban planning
7.Philosophy and history of science:
-History of science
-Philosophy of science
-Science policy
-Scientific method
-Fringe science
-Pudoscience